{
  "number": 48,
  "slug": "fath",
  "name": "Al-Fath",
  "arabicName": "الفتح",
  "meaning": "The Victory",
  "juz": 26,
  "period": "Madinan",
  "tagline": "A TRUCE, A PLEDGE & A VICTORY STILL UNFOLDING",
  "overview": "The chapter announces victory in the setting of the Hudaybiyyah agreement, when the pilgrims had not yet entered Makkah. Reassurance, honest commitment and restraint replace immediate appearances as measures of success. The closing vision looks toward secure pilgrimage and a community growing strong like a cultivated shoot.",
  "sources": [
    {
      "title": "Arabic text · quranjson (MIT)",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/semarketir/quranjson/master/source/surah/surah_48.json"
    },
    {
      "title": "Sahih International · English translation (AlQuran Cloud)",
      "url": "https://alquran.cloud/quran/en.sahih"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=48&verse=26"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=48&verse=27"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=48&verse=25"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=48&verse=19"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=48&verse=1"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=48&verse=21"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=48&verse=4"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=48&verse=6"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=48&verse=23"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=48&verse=13"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=48&verse=9"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=48&verse=10"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=48&verse=11"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=48&verse=29"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=48&verse=15"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=48&verse=16"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=48&verse=17"
    },
    {
      "title": "Surah introduction · Quran.com",
      "url": "https://quran.com/al-fath/info"
    },
    {
      "title": "622 CE period boundary · Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
      "url": "https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hejira"
    },
    {
      "title": "632 CE period boundary · Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
      "url": "https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mahomet"
    },
    {
      "title": "The victory identified as Hudaybiyyah · Bukhari 4834",
      "url": "https://sunnah.com/bukhari:4834"
    },
    {
      "title": "The tree’s location was no longer recognised · Muslim 1859a",
      "url": "https://sunnah.com/muslim:1859a"
    },
    {
      "title": "628 CE historical setting · Bibliotheca Alexandrina",
      "url": "https://www.bibalex.org/libraries/presentation/static/Prophet_Muhammad_(PBUH)_eng.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Related passage on peaceful relations · Quran 60:8–9",
      "url": "https://sacred-texts.com/isl/pick/060.htm"
    }
  ],
  "verses": [
    {
      "n": 1,
      "arabic": "إِنَّا فَتَحْنَا لَكَ فَتْحًۭا مُّبِينًۭا",
      "translation": "Indeed, We have given you, [O Muhammad], a clear conquest"
    },
    {
      "n": 2,
      "arabic": "لِّيَغْفِرَ لَكَ ٱللَّهُ مَا تَقَدَّمَ مِن ذَنۢبِكَ وَمَا تَأَخَّرَ وَيُتِمَّ نِعْمَتَهُۥ عَلَيْكَ وَيَهْدِيَكَ صِرَٰطًۭا مُّسْتَقِيمًۭا",
      "translation": "That Allah may forgive for you what preceded of your sin and what will follow and complete His favor upon you and guide you to a straight path"
    },
    {
      "n": 3,
      "arabic": "وَيَنصُرَكَ ٱللَّهُ نَصْرًا عَزِيزًا",
      "translation": "And [that] Allah may aid you with a mighty victory."
    },
    {
      "n": 4,
      "arabic": "هُوَ ٱلَّذِىٓ أَنزَلَ ٱلسَّكِينَةَ فِى قُلُوبِ ٱلْمُؤْمِنِينَ لِيَزْدَادُوٓا۟ إِيمَٰنًۭا مَّعَ إِيمَٰنِهِمْ ۗ وَلِلَّهِ جُنُودُ ٱلسَّمَٰوَٰتِ وَٱلْأَرْضِ ۚ وَكَانَ ٱللَّهُ عَلِيمًا حَكِيمًۭا",
      "translation": "It is He who sent down tranquillity into the hearts of the believers that they would increase in faith along with their [present] faith. And to Allah belong the soldiers of the heavens and the earth, and ever is Allah Knowing and Wise."
    },
    {
      "n": 5,
      "arabic": "لِّيُدْخِلَ ٱلْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَٱلْمُؤْمِنَٰتِ جَنَّٰتٍۢ تَجْرِى مِن تَحْتِهَا ٱلْأَنْهَٰرُ خَٰلِدِينَ فِيهَا وَيُكَفِّرَ عَنْهُمْ سَيِّـَٔاتِهِمْ ۚ وَكَانَ ذَٰلِكَ عِندَ ٱللَّهِ فَوْزًا عَظِيمًۭا",
      "translation": "[And] that He may admit the believing men and the believing women to gardens beneath which rivers flow to abide therein eternally and remove from them their misdeeds - and ever is that, in the sight of Allah, a great attainment -"
    },
    {
      "n": 6,
      "arabic": "وَيُعَذِّبَ ٱلْمُنَٰفِقِينَ وَٱلْمُنَٰفِقَٰتِ وَٱلْمُشْرِكِينَ وَٱلْمُشْرِكَٰتِ ٱلظَّآنِّينَ بِٱللَّهِ ظَنَّ ٱلسَّوْءِ ۚ عَلَيْهِمْ دَآئِرَةُ ٱلسَّوْءِ ۖ وَغَضِبَ ٱللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَعَنَهُمْ وَأَعَدَّ لَهُمْ جَهَنَّمَ ۖ وَسَآءَتْ مَصِيرًۭا",
      "translation": "And [that] He may punish the hypocrite men and hypocrite women, and the polytheist men and polytheist women - those who assume about Allah an assumption of evil nature. Upon them is a misfortune of evil nature; and Allah has become angry with them and has cursed them and prepared for them Hell, and evil it is as a destination."
    },
    {
      "n": 7,
      "arabic": "وَلِلَّهِ جُنُودُ ٱلسَّمَٰوَٰتِ وَٱلْأَرْضِ ۚ وَكَانَ ٱللَّهُ عَزِيزًا حَكِيمًا",
      "translation": "And to Allah belong the soldiers of the heavens and the earth. And ever is Allah Exalted in Might and Wise."
    },
    {
      "n": 8,
      "arabic": "إِنَّآ أَرْسَلْنَٰكَ شَٰهِدًۭا وَمُبَشِّرًۭا وَنَذِيرًۭا",
      "translation": "Indeed, We have sent you as a witness and a bringer of good tidings and a warner"
    },
    {
      "n": 9,
      "arabic": "لِّتُؤْمِنُوا۟ بِٱللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِۦ وَتُعَزِّرُوهُ وَتُوَقِّرُوهُ وَتُسَبِّحُوهُ بُكْرَةًۭ وَأَصِيلًا",
      "translation": "That you [people] may believe in Allah and His Messenger and honor him and respect the Prophet and exalt Allah morning and afternoon."
    },
    {
      "n": 10,
      "arabic": "إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ يُبَايِعُونَكَ إِنَّمَا يُبَايِعُونَ ٱللَّهَ يَدُ ٱللَّهِ فَوْقَ أَيْدِيهِمْ ۚ فَمَن نَّكَثَ فَإِنَّمَا يَنكُثُ عَلَىٰ نَفْسِهِۦ ۖ وَمَنْ أَوْفَىٰ بِمَا عَٰهَدَ عَلَيْهُ ٱللَّهَ فَسَيُؤْتِيهِ أَجْرًا عَظِيمًۭا",
      "translation": "Indeed, those who pledge allegiance to you, [O Muhammad] - they are actually pledging allegiance to Allah. The hand of Allah is over their hands. So he who breaks his word only breaks it to the detriment of himself. And he who fulfills that which he has promised Allah - He will give him a great reward."
    },
    {
      "n": 11,
      "arabic": "سَيَقُولُ لَكَ ٱلْمُخَلَّفُونَ مِنَ ٱلْأَعْرَابِ شَغَلَتْنَآ أَمْوَٰلُنَا وَأَهْلُونَا فَٱسْتَغْفِرْ لَنَا ۚ يَقُولُونَ بِأَلْسِنَتِهِم مَّا لَيْسَ فِى قُلُوبِهِمْ ۚ قُلْ فَمَن يَمْلِكُ لَكُم مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ شَيْـًٔا إِنْ أَرَادَ بِكُمْ ضَرًّا أَوْ أَرَادَ بِكُمْ نَفْعًۢا ۚ بَلْ كَانَ ٱللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرًۢا",
      "translation": "Those who remained behind of the bedouins will say to you, \"Our properties and our families occupied us, so ask forgiveness for us.\" They say with their tongues what is not within their hearts. Say, \"Then who could prevent Allah at all if He intended for you harm or intended for you benefit? Rather, ever is Allah, with what you do, Acquainted."
    },
    {
      "n": 12,
      "arabic": "بَلْ ظَنَنتُمْ أَن لَّن يَنقَلِبَ ٱلرَّسُولُ وَٱلْمُؤْمِنُونَ إِلَىٰٓ أَهْلِيهِمْ أَبَدًۭا وَزُيِّنَ ذَٰلِكَ فِى قُلُوبِكُمْ وَظَنَنتُمْ ظَنَّ ٱلسَّوْءِ وَكُنتُمْ قَوْمًۢا بُورًۭا",
      "translation": "But you thought that the Messenger and the believers would never return to their families, ever, and that was made pleasing in your hearts. And you assumed an assumption of evil and became a people ruined.\""
    },
    {
      "n": 13,
      "arabic": "وَمَن لَّمْ يُؤْمِنۢ بِٱللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِۦ فَإِنَّآ أَعْتَدْنَا لِلْكَٰفِرِينَ سَعِيرًۭا",
      "translation": "And whoever has not believed in Allah and His Messenger - then indeed, We have prepared for the disbelievers a Blaze."
    },
    {
      "n": 14,
      "arabic": "وَلِلَّهِ مُلْكُ ٱلسَّمَٰوَٰتِ وَٱلْأَرْضِ ۚ يَغْفِرُ لِمَن يَشَآءُ وَيُعَذِّبُ مَن يَشَآءُ ۚ وَكَانَ ٱللَّهُ غَفُورًۭا رَّحِيمًۭا",
      "translation": "And to Allah belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth. He forgives whom He wills and punishes whom He wills. And ever is Allah Forgiving and Merciful."
    },
    {
      "n": 15,
      "arabic": "سَيَقُولُ ٱلْمُخَلَّفُونَ إِذَا ٱنطَلَقْتُمْ إِلَىٰ مَغَانِمَ لِتَأْخُذُوهَا ذَرُونَا نَتَّبِعْكُمْ ۖ يُرِيدُونَ أَن يُبَدِّلُوا۟ كَلَٰمَ ٱللَّهِ ۚ قُل لَّن تَتَّبِعُونَا كَذَٰلِكُمْ قَالَ ٱللَّهُ مِن قَبْلُ ۖ فَسَيَقُولُونَ بَلْ تَحْسُدُونَنَا ۚ بَلْ كَانُوا۟ لَا يَفْقَهُونَ إِلَّا قَلِيلًۭا",
      "translation": "Those who remained behind will say when you set out toward the war booty to take it, \"Let us follow you.\" They wish to change the words of Allah. Say, \"Never will you follow us. Thus did Allah say before.\" So they will say, \"Rather, you envy us.\" But [in fact] they were not understanding except a little."
    },
    {
      "n": 16,
      "arabic": "قُل لِّلْمُخَلَّفِينَ مِنَ ٱلْأَعْرَابِ سَتُدْعَوْنَ إِلَىٰ قَوْمٍ أُو۟لِى بَأْسٍۢ شَدِيدٍۢ تُقَٰتِلُونَهُمْ أَوْ يُسْلِمُونَ ۖ فَإِن تُطِيعُوا۟ يُؤْتِكُمُ ٱللَّهُ أَجْرًا حَسَنًۭا ۖ وَإِن تَتَوَلَّوْا۟ كَمَا تَوَلَّيْتُم مِّن قَبْلُ يُعَذِّبْكُمْ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًۭا",
      "translation": "Say to those who remained behind of the bedouins, \"You will be called to [face] a people of great military might; you may fight them, or they will submit. So if you obey, Allah will give you a good reward; but if you turn away as you turned away before, He will punish you with a painful punishment.\""
    },
    {
      "n": 17,
      "arabic": "لَّيْسَ عَلَى ٱلْأَعْمَىٰ حَرَجٌۭ وَلَا عَلَى ٱلْأَعْرَجِ حَرَجٌۭ وَلَا عَلَى ٱلْمَرِيضِ حَرَجٌۭ ۗ وَمَن يُطِعِ ٱللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُۥ يُدْخِلْهُ جَنَّٰتٍۢ تَجْرِى مِن تَحْتِهَا ٱلْأَنْهَٰرُ ۖ وَمَن يَتَوَلَّ يُعَذِّبْهُ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًۭا",
      "translation": "There is not upon the blind any guilt or upon the lame any guilt or upon the ill any guilt [for remaining behind]. And whoever obeys Allah and His Messenger - He will admit him to gardens beneath which rivers flow; but whoever turns away - He will punish him with a painful punishment."
    },
    {
      "n": 18,
      "arabic": "۞ لَّقَدْ رَضِىَ ٱللَّهُ عَنِ ٱلْمُؤْمِنِينَ إِذْ يُبَايِعُونَكَ تَحْتَ ٱلشَّجَرَةِ فَعَلِمَ مَا فِى قُلُوبِهِمْ فَأَنزَلَ ٱلسَّكِينَةَ عَلَيْهِمْ وَأَثَٰبَهُمْ فَتْحًۭا قَرِيبًۭا",
      "translation": "Certainly was Allah pleased with the believers when they pledged allegiance to you, [O Muhammad], under the tree, and He knew what was in their hearts, so He sent down tranquillity upon them and rewarded them with an imminent conquest"
    },
    {
      "n": 19,
      "arabic": "وَمَغَانِمَ كَثِيرَةًۭ يَأْخُذُونَهَا ۗ وَكَانَ ٱللَّهُ عَزِيزًا حَكِيمًۭا",
      "translation": "And much war booty which they will take. And ever is Allah Exalted in Might and Wise."
    },
    {
      "n": 20,
      "arabic": "وَعَدَكُمُ ٱللَّهُ مَغَانِمَ كَثِيرَةًۭ تَأْخُذُونَهَا فَعَجَّلَ لَكُمْ هَٰذِهِۦ وَكَفَّ أَيْدِىَ ٱلنَّاسِ عَنكُمْ وَلِتَكُونَ ءَايَةًۭ لِّلْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَيَهْدِيَكُمْ صِرَٰطًۭا مُّسْتَقِيمًۭا",
      "translation": "Allah has promised you much booty that you will take [in the future] and has hastened for you this [victory] and withheld the hands of people from you - that it may be a sign for the believers and [that] He may guide you to a straight path."
    },
    {
      "n": 21,
      "arabic": "وَأُخْرَىٰ لَمْ تَقْدِرُوا۟ عَلَيْهَا قَدْ أَحَاطَ ٱللَّهُ بِهَا ۚ وَكَانَ ٱللَّهُ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَىْءٍۢ قَدِيرًۭا",
      "translation": "And [He promises] other [victories] that you were [so far] unable to [realize] which Allah has already encompassed. And ever is Allah, over all things, competent."
    },
    {
      "n": 22,
      "arabic": "وَلَوْ قَٰتَلَكُمُ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ لَوَلَّوُا۟ ٱلْأَدْبَٰرَ ثُمَّ لَا يَجِدُونَ وَلِيًّۭا وَلَا نَصِيرًۭا",
      "translation": "And if those [Makkans] who disbelieve had fought you, they would have turned their backs [in flight]. Then they would not find a protector or a helper."
    },
    {
      "n": 23,
      "arabic": "سُنَّةَ ٱللَّهِ ٱلَّتِى قَدْ خَلَتْ مِن قَبْلُ ۖ وَلَن تَجِدَ لِسُنَّةِ ٱللَّهِ تَبْدِيلًۭا",
      "translation": "[This is] the established way of Allah which has occurred before. And never will you find in the way of Allah any change."
    },
    {
      "n": 24,
      "arabic": "وَهُوَ ٱلَّذِى كَفَّ أَيْدِيَهُمْ عَنكُمْ وَأَيْدِيَكُمْ عَنْهُم بِبَطْنِ مَكَّةَ مِنۢ بَعْدِ أَنْ أَظْفَرَكُمْ عَلَيْهِمْ ۚ وَكَانَ ٱللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرًا",
      "translation": "And it is He who withheld their hands from you and your hands from them within [the area of] Makkah after He caused you to overcome them. And ever is Allah of what you do, Seeing."
    },
    {
      "n": 25,
      "arabic": "هُمُ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ وَصَدُّوكُمْ عَنِ ٱلْمَسْجِدِ ٱلْحَرَامِ وَٱلْهَدْىَ مَعْكُوفًا أَن يَبْلُغَ مَحِلَّهُۥ ۚ وَلَوْلَا رِجَالٌۭ مُّؤْمِنُونَ وَنِسَآءٌۭ مُّؤْمِنَٰتٌۭ لَّمْ تَعْلَمُوهُمْ أَن تَطَـُٔوهُمْ فَتُصِيبَكُم مِّنْهُم مَّعَرَّةٌۢ بِغَيْرِ عِلْمٍۢ ۖ لِّيُدْخِلَ ٱللَّهُ فِى رَحْمَتِهِۦ مَن يَشَآءُ ۚ لَوْ تَزَيَّلُوا۟ لَعَذَّبْنَا ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ مِنْهُمْ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًا",
      "translation": "They are the ones who disbelieved and obstructed you from al-Masjid al-Haram while the offering was prevented from reaching its place of sacrifice. And if not for believing men and believing women whom you did not know - that you might trample them and there would befall you because of them dishonor without [your] knowledge - [you would have been permitted to enter Makkah]. [This was so] that Allah might admit to His mercy whom He willed. If they had been apart [from them], We would have punished those who disbelieved among them with painful punishment"
    },
    {
      "n": 26,
      "arabic": "إِذْ جَعَلَ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ فِى قُلُوبِهِمُ ٱلْحَمِيَّةَ حَمِيَّةَ ٱلْجَٰهِلِيَّةِ فَأَنزَلَ ٱللَّهُ سَكِينَتَهُۥ عَلَىٰ رَسُولِهِۦ وَعَلَى ٱلْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَأَلْزَمَهُمْ كَلِمَةَ ٱلتَّقْوَىٰ وَكَانُوٓا۟ أَحَقَّ بِهَا وَأَهْلَهَا ۚ وَكَانَ ٱللَّهُ بِكُلِّ شَىْءٍ عَلِيمًۭا",
      "translation": "When those who disbelieved had put into their hearts chauvinism - the chauvinism of the time of ignorance. But Allah sent down His tranquillity upon His Messenger and upon the believers and imposed upon them the word of righteousness, and they were more deserving of it and worthy of it. And ever is Allah, of all things, Knowing."
    },
    {
      "n": 27,
      "arabic": "لَّقَدْ صَدَقَ ٱللَّهُ رَسُولَهُ ٱلرُّءْيَا بِٱلْحَقِّ ۖ لَتَدْخُلُنَّ ٱلْمَسْجِدَ ٱلْحَرَامَ إِن شَآءَ ٱللَّهُ ءَامِنِينَ مُحَلِّقِينَ رُءُوسَكُمْ وَمُقَصِّرِينَ لَا تَخَافُونَ ۖ فَعَلِمَ مَا لَمْ تَعْلَمُوا۟ فَجَعَلَ مِن دُونِ ذَٰلِكَ فَتْحًۭا قَرِيبًا",
      "translation": "Certainly has Allah showed to His Messenger the vision in truth. You will surely enter al-Masjid al-Haram, if Allah wills, in safety, with your heads shaved and [hair] shortened, not fearing [anyone]. He knew what you did not know and has arranged before that a conquest near [at hand]."
    },
    {
      "n": 28,
      "arabic": "هُوَ ٱلَّذِىٓ أَرْسَلَ رَسُولَهُۥ بِٱلْهُدَىٰ وَدِينِ ٱلْحَقِّ لِيُظْهِرَهُۥ عَلَى ٱلدِّينِ كُلِّهِۦ ۚ وَكَفَىٰ بِٱللَّهِ شَهِيدًۭا",
      "translation": "It is He who sent His Messenger with guidance and the religion of truth to manifest it over all religion. And sufficient is Allah as Witness."
    },
    {
      "n": 29,
      "arabic": "مُّحَمَّدٌۭ رَّسُولُ ٱللَّهِ ۚ وَٱلَّذِينَ مَعَهُۥٓ أَشِدَّآءُ عَلَى ٱلْكُفَّارِ رُحَمَآءُ بَيْنَهُمْ ۖ تَرَىٰهُمْ رُكَّعًۭا سُجَّدًۭا يَبْتَغُونَ فَضْلًۭا مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ وَرِضْوَٰنًۭا ۖ سِيمَاهُمْ فِى وُجُوهِهِم مِّنْ أَثَرِ ٱلسُّجُودِ ۚ ذَٰلِكَ مَثَلُهُمْ فِى ٱلتَّوْرَىٰةِ ۚ وَمَثَلُهُمْ فِى ٱلْإِنجِيلِ كَزَرْعٍ أَخْرَجَ شَطْـَٔهُۥ فَـَٔازَرَهُۥ فَٱسْتَغْلَظَ فَٱسْتَوَىٰ عَلَىٰ سُوقِهِۦ يُعْجِبُ ٱلزُّرَّاعَ لِيَغِيظَ بِهِمُ ٱلْكُفَّارَ ۗ وَعَدَ ٱللَّهُ ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ وَعَمِلُوا۟ ٱلصَّٰلِحَٰتِ مِنْهُم مَّغْفِرَةًۭ وَأَجْرًا عَظِيمًۢا",
      "translation": "Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah; and those with him are forceful against the disbelievers, merciful among themselves. You see them bowing and prostrating [in prayer], seeking bounty from Allah and [His] pleasure. Their mark is on their faces from the trace of prostration. That is their description in the Torah. And their description in the Gospel is as a plant which produces its offshoots and strengthens them so they grow firm and stand upon their stalks, delighting the sowers - so that Allah may enrage by them the disbelievers. Allah has promised those who believe and do righteous deeds among them forgiveness and a great reward."
    }
  ],
  "glosses": [
    [
      "Indeed,",
      "We have given victory,",
      "to you",
      "a victory",
      "clear."
    ],
    [
      "That may forgive",
      "for you",
      "Allah",
      "what",
      "preceded",
      "of",
      "your sins",
      "and what",
      "will follow",
      "and complete",
      "His favor",
      "upon you",
      "and guide you",
      "(to) a Path",
      "Straight,"
    ],
    [
      "And may help you",
      "Allah",
      "(with) a help",
      "mighty."
    ],
    [
      "He",
      "(is) the One Who",
      "sent down",
      "[the] tranquility",
      "in(to)",
      "(the) hearts",
      "(of) the believers",
      "that they may increase",
      "(in) faith",
      "with",
      "their faith.",
      "And for Allah",
      "(are the) hosts",
      "(of) the heavens",
      "and the earth,",
      "and is",
      "Allah",
      "(is) All-Knower,",
      "All-Wise."
    ],
    [
      "That He may admit",
      "the believing men",
      "and the believing women",
      "(to) Gardens",
      "flow",
      "from",
      "underneath them",
      "the rivers",
      "(to) abide forever",
      "therein,",
      "and (to) remove",
      "from them",
      "their misdeeds,",
      "and is",
      "that",
      "with",
      "Allah",
      "a success",
      "great."
    ],
    [
      "And He (may) punish",
      "the hypocrite men",
      "and the hypocrite women",
      "and the polytheist men",
      "and the polytheist women,",
      "who assume",
      "about Allah",
      "an assumption",
      "evil.",
      "Upon them",
      "(is) a turn",
      "(of) evil,",
      "and is angry",
      "Allah",
      "upon them",
      "and He has cursed them",
      "and prepared",
      "for them",
      "Hell,",
      "and evil",
      "(is the) destination."
    ],
    [
      "And for Allah",
      "(are the) hosts",
      "(of) the heavens",
      "and the earth.",
      "and is",
      "Allah",
      "(is) All-Mighty,",
      "All-Wise."
    ],
    [
      "Indeed, We",
      "[We] have sent you",
      "(as) a witness",
      "and (as) a bearer of glad tidings",
      "and (as) a warner,"
    ],
    [
      "That you may believe",
      "in Allah",
      "and His Messenger",
      "and (may) honor him",
      "and respect him",
      "and glorify Him",
      "morning",
      "and evening."
    ],
    [
      "Indeed,",
      "those who",
      "pledge allegiance to you",
      "only",
      "they pledge allegiance",
      "(to) Allah.",
      "(The) Hand",
      "(of) Allah",
      "(is) over",
      "their hands.",
      "Then whoever",
      "breaks (his oath)",
      "then only",
      "he breaks",
      "against",
      "himself,",
      "and whoever",
      "fulfils",
      "what",
      "he has covenanted",
      "(with)",
      "Allah,",
      "soon He will give him",
      "a reward",
      "great."
    ],
    [
      "Will say",
      "to you",
      "those who remained behind",
      "of",
      "the Bedouins,",
      "\"Kept us busy",
      "our properties",
      "and our families,",
      "so ask forgiveness",
      "for us.\"",
      "They say",
      "with their tongues",
      "what",
      "is not",
      "in",
      "their hearts.",
      "Say,",
      "\"Then who",
      "has power",
      "for you",
      "against",
      "Allah",
      "(in) anything,",
      "if",
      "He intends",
      "for you",
      "harm",
      "or",
      "He intends",
      "for you",
      "a benefit?",
      "Nay,",
      "is",
      "Allah",
      "of what",
      "you do",
      "All-Aware."
    ],
    [
      "Nay,",
      "you thought",
      "that",
      "(would) never",
      "return",
      "the Messenger",
      "and the believers",
      "to",
      "their families",
      "ever,",
      "and was made fair-seeming",
      "that",
      "in",
      "your hearts.",
      "And you assumed",
      "an assumption",
      "evil,",
      "and you became",
      "a people",
      "ruined.\""
    ],
    [
      "And whoever",
      "not",
      "believes",
      "in Allah",
      "and His Messenger",
      "then indeed, We",
      "[We] have prepared",
      "for the disbelievers",
      "a Blazing Fire."
    ],
    [
      "And for Allah",
      "(is the) kingdom",
      "(of) the heavens",
      "and the earth.",
      "He forgives",
      "whom",
      "He wills",
      "and punishes",
      "whom",
      "He wills.",
      "And is",
      "Allah",
      "Oft-Forgiving,",
      "Most Merciful."
    ],
    [
      "Will say",
      "those who remained behind",
      "when",
      "you set forth",
      "towards",
      "(the) spoils of war",
      "to take it,",
      "\"Allow us",
      "(to) follow you.\"",
      "They wish",
      "to",
      "change",
      "(the) Words",
      "(of) Allah.",
      "Say,",
      "\"Never",
      "will you follow us.",
      "Thus",
      "said",
      "Allah",
      "[from]",
      "before.\"",
      "Then they will say,",
      "\"Nay,",
      "you envy us.\"",
      "Nay,",
      "they were",
      "not",
      "understanding",
      "except",
      "a little."
    ],
    [
      "Say",
      "to those who remained behind",
      "of",
      "the Bedouins,",
      "\"You will be called",
      "to",
      "a people,",
      "possessors",
      "(of) military might",
      "great;",
      "you will fight them,",
      "or",
      "they will submit.",
      "Then if",
      "you obey,",
      "will give you",
      "Allah",
      "a reward",
      "good;",
      "but if",
      "you turn away",
      "as",
      "you turned away",
      "[from]",
      "before,",
      "He will punish you",
      "(with) a punishment",
      "painful.\""
    ],
    [
      "Not is",
      "upon",
      "the blind",
      "any blame",
      "and not",
      "on",
      "the lame",
      "any blame",
      "and not",
      "on",
      "the sick",
      "any blame.",
      "And whoever",
      "obeys",
      "Allah",
      "and His Messenger,",
      "He will admit him",
      "(to) Gardens",
      "flow",
      "from",
      "underneath them",
      "the rivers,",
      "but whoever",
      "turns away,",
      "He will punish him",
      "(with) a punishment",
      "painful."
    ],
    [
      "Certainly",
      "was pleased",
      "Allah",
      "with",
      "the believers",
      "when",
      "they pledged allegiance to you",
      "under",
      "the tree,",
      "and He knew",
      "what",
      "(was) in",
      "their hearts,",
      "so He sent down",
      "the tranquility",
      "upon them",
      "and rewarded them",
      "(with) a victory",
      "near,"
    ],
    [
      "And spoils of war",
      "much",
      "that they will take;",
      "and is",
      "Allah",
      "All-Mighty,",
      "All-Wise."
    ],
    [
      "has promised you",
      "Allah",
      "spoils of war",
      "much",
      "that you will take it,",
      "and He has hastened",
      "for you",
      "this",
      "and has withheld",
      "(the) hands",
      "(of) the people",
      "from you -",
      "that it may be",
      "a sign",
      "for the believers",
      "and He may guide you",
      "(to the) Path",
      "Straight."
    ],
    [
      "And others,",
      "not",
      "you had power",
      "over them",
      "surely",
      "has encompassed",
      "Allah",
      "them,",
      "and is",
      "Allah",
      "over",
      "all",
      "things",
      "All-Powerful."
    ],
    [
      "And if,",
      "fight you,",
      "those who",
      "disbelieve,",
      "surely they would turn",
      "the backs.",
      "Then",
      "not",
      "they would find",
      "any protector",
      "and not",
      "any helper."
    ],
    [
      "(The established) way",
      "(of) Allah",
      "which",
      "already",
      "passed away",
      "[from]",
      "before,",
      "and never",
      "you will find",
      "in (the) way",
      "(of) Allah",
      "any change."
    ],
    [
      "And He",
      "(is) the One Who",
      "withheld",
      "their hands",
      "from you",
      "and your hands",
      "from them",
      "within",
      "Makkah,",
      "[from]",
      "after",
      "that",
      "He gave you victory",
      "over them.",
      "And is",
      "Allah",
      "of what",
      "you do",
      "All-Seer."
    ],
    [
      "They",
      "(are) those who",
      "disbelieved",
      "and hindered you",
      "from",
      "the Mosque",
      "the Sacred",
      "while the offering",
      "(was) prevented",
      "from",
      "reaching",
      "its place (of sacrifice).",
      "And if not",
      "(for) men",
      "believing",
      "and women",
      "believing",
      "not",
      "you knew them",
      "that",
      "you may trample them",
      "and would befall you",
      "from them",
      "any harm",
      "without",
      "knowledge.",
      "that may admit",
      "Allah",
      "to",
      "His Mercy",
      "whom",
      "He wills.",
      "If",
      "they had been apart",
      "surely, We would have punished",
      "those who",
      "disbelieved",
      "among them",
      "(with) a punishment",
      "painful."
    ],
    [
      "When",
      "had put",
      "those who",
      "disbelieved",
      "in",
      "their hearts",
      "disdain -",
      "(the) disdain",
      "(of the time of) ignorance.",
      "then sent down",
      "Allah",
      "His tranquility",
      "upon",
      "His Messenger",
      "and upon",
      "the believers",
      "and made them adhere",
      "(to the) word",
      "(of) righteousness,",
      "and they were",
      "more deserving",
      "of it",
      "and worthy of it.",
      "And is",
      "Allah",
      "of every",
      "thing",
      "All-Knower."
    ],
    [
      "Certainly,",
      "has fulfilled",
      "Allah",
      "His Messenger's",
      "vision",
      "in truth.",
      "Surely, you will enter",
      "the Mosque",
      "the Sacred",
      "if",
      "wills",
      "Allah,",
      "secure,",
      "having shaved",
      "your heads",
      "and shortened,",
      "not",
      "fearing.",
      "But He knew",
      "what",
      "not",
      "you knew,",
      "and He made",
      "[from]",
      "besides",
      "that",
      "a victory",
      "near."
    ],
    [
      "He",
      "(is) the One Who",
      "(has) sent",
      "His Messenger",
      "with guidance",
      "and (the) religion,",
      "the true",
      "that He (may) make it prevail",
      "over",
      "the religions",
      "all.",
      "And sufficient is",
      "Allah",
      "(as) a Witness."
    ],
    [
      "Muhammad",
      "(is the) Messenger",
      "(of) Allah,",
      "and those who",
      "(are) with him",
      "(are) firm",
      "against",
      "the disbelievers",
      "and merciful",
      "among themselves.",
      "You see them",
      "bowing",
      "and prostrating,",
      "seeking",
      "Bounty",
      "from",
      "Allah",
      "and pleasure.",
      "Their mark",
      "(is) on",
      "their faces",
      "from",
      "(the) trace",
      "(of) the prostration.",
      "That",
      "(is) their similitude",
      "in",
      "the Taurah.",
      "And their similitude",
      "in",
      "the Injeel,",
      "(is) like a seed",
      "(which) sends forth",
      "its shoot",
      "then strengthens it,",
      "then it becomes thick",
      "and it stands",
      "upon",
      "its stem",
      "delighting",
      "the sowers",
      "that He (may) enrage",
      "by them",
      "the disbelievers.",
      "has promised",
      "Allah",
      "those who",
      "believe",
      "and do",
      "righteous deeds",
      "among them,",
      "forgiveness",
      "and a reward",
      "great."
    ]
  ],
  "glossNote": "Some Corpus glosses repeat a complete English phrase across adjacent Arabic words. This edition separates those into individual word meanings using the same page’s Arabic and grammar, so word hover does not repeat a whole phrase. Original glosses and every adjustment are retained in the source audit; idiomatic expressions may include a literal component gloss.",
  "titles": [
    "A clear victory",
    "Forgiveness, favour and guidance",
    "Strong help",
    "Reassurance within the heart",
    "The greater triumph",
    "The consequence of an evil expectation",
    "Power joined with wisdom",
    "Witness, good news and warning",
    "Faith, reverence and praise",
    "The weight of the pledge",
    "Excuses spoken without inward truth",
    "The expectation that they would not return",
    "Belief and its rejection",
    "Sovereignty and mercy",
    "Seeking the gain after staying behind",
    "A further test of commitment",
    "No blame for genuine incapacity",
    "The pledge beneath the tree",
    "Promised gains",
    "Restraint as a sign",
    "An outcome beyond present reach",
    "A confrontation they could not sustain",
    "An enduring divine way",
    "Both sides restrained",
    "Unrecognised believers protected",
    "Reassurance against heated pride",
    "The vision of secure pilgrimage",
    "Guidance and the religion of truth",
    "A community growing like a shoot"
  ],
  "notes": [
    "The opening names the outcome a clear victory before describing its implications. In the transmitted context, this concerns Hudaybiyyah rather than an immediate entry into Makkah. The announcement invites a reassessment of success beyond the appearance of the moment.",
    "Forgiveness, completed favour and guidance are addressed to the messenger. The verse places the victory within a relationship of divine grace rather than political achievement alone. Its sequence connects what has passed with the path still opening ahead.",
    "Strong help completes the opening promise. The brief verse does not describe an army or a tactic; it attributes assistance to Allah. Read with the surrounding verses, victory includes guidance and reassurance as well as an outward change in circumstances.",
    "Reassurance is sent into the believers’ hearts so that faith grows. Inner steadiness receives attention before the account of pledges and gains. The verse joins this gift with divine knowledge and wisdom, suggesting that strength need not appear as agitation.",
    "Believing men and women are promised gardens and the removal of wrongs. The chapter explicitly includes both in the greater triumph. Its scale of success therefore extends beyond the public outcome of a treaty to lasting forgiveness and welcome.",
    "The warning addresses hypocrisy, association of partners with Allah and an evil expectation concerning Him. Men and women are both included. The passage concerns the commitments and responses it names, not an invitation to condemn unrelated modern communities indiscriminately.",
    "The hosts of heaven and earth belong to Allah, whose might is joined with wisdom. The repetition enlarges the frame beyond what the travellers can see. Visible numbers and immediate circumstances do not exhaust the chapter’s account of power.",
    "The messenger’s work is described through witness, good news and warning. These roles keep promise and responsibility together. The verse centres the communication of revelation rather than allowing the language of victory to reduce the mission to worldly expansion.",
    "Faith, honour, reverence and praise are named as responses to the message. Dawn and evening bring the declaration into a recurring rhythm. The chapter connects public allegiance with worship, rather than treating a solemn commitment as only a momentary performance.",
    "The pledge to the messenger is given a covenantal weight before Allah. The verse uses the language of Allah’s hand above their hands without inviting a bodily depiction. Breaking or keeping the promise carries consequences for the person who makes it.",
    "Those who stayed behind offer household and property as explanations, while their inward state contradicts their speech. The verse distinguishes a stated reason from its sincerity. Allah’s knowledge prevents the public wording of an excuse from becoming the whole account.",
    "Their expectation that the messenger and believers would not return is exposed. This explains the earlier discrepancy between speech and motive. The criticism concerns a particular failure of trust, not the ordinary care people properly owe to their households.",
    "Rejection of Allah and His messenger is placed within the chapter’s warning of judgment. The verse maintains the seriousness of the choice after exposing insincere excuses. Its account of the hereafter should not be converted into permission for private coercion.",
    "Sovereignty belongs to Allah, who forgives and punishes, and is named as forgiving and merciful. The verse prevents the surrounding rebukes from becoming a claim that people control another’s final standing. Judgment and mercy remain with their Lord.",
    "The desire to join once material gain is expected contrasts with the earlier refusal to share uncertainty. An accusation of envy then tries to recast the restriction. The verse examines how changing incentives can reveal the motives beneath a claim.",
    "A further call will test whether the earlier failure becomes a repeated pattern. The verse leaves the powerful people unnamed here. Assigning a specific later campaign requires attributed commentary; it should not be inserted as though the Arabic supplied that identification.",
    "The blind, those with mobility impairment and the sick are explicitly exempted from blame for not going forth. This distinguishes genuine incapacity from insincerity. The promise that follows preserves a path of faithful obedience without demanding identical physical participation from everyone.",
    "The pledge beneath the tree is remembered through divine pleasure, knowledge of hearts and reassurance. The emphasis is not only the outward gesture of allegiance. The verse joins a public commitment with the inward sincerity known to Allah.",
    "Promised gains continue the assurance following the pledge. Might and wisdom again frame the outcome, keeping it within the chapter’s theological account. The verse does not name an inventory of objects or establish ownership claims for readers in later conflicts.",
    "Immediate gain and the restraint of other people’s hands are both described as gifts. Avoided violence therefore belongs within the meaning of success. The outcome is intended as a sign and guidance, not simply an enlargement of possessions.",
    "Another outcome beyond the believers’ present capacity is placed within Allah’s encompassing power. The verse leaves its object unspecified here. Its function is to widen hope beyond what can currently be secured, without giving readers grounds for inventing exact predictions.",
    "A hypothetical confrontation is described as ending in the opponents’ retreat. The assurance belongs to this historical and theological address. It should not be detached into a universal military guarantee for any later group that claims the chapter for itself.",
    "An enduring divine way is invoked to explain the preceding assurance. The verse presents continuity within the Quran’s account of history. It does not grant human beings complete knowledge of how every future political event must unfold.",
    "Both sides’ hands are restrained in the valley of Makkah. This reciprocal restraint is explicitly remembered as Allah’s action. The verse makes an encounter without wider bloodshed significant, challenging the assumption that victory must always mean pursuing every possible confrontation.",
    "Access to the sanctuary and the offerings had been blocked, yet unrecognised believing men and women were among the opposing population. Their possible injury matters. The verse makes limited human knowledge a reason for restraint rather than indiscriminate action.",
    "Heated pride is contrasted with reassurance and the word of self-restraint. The response valued in the passage is disciplined conviction, not competitive fury. The verse asks the reader to notice the difference between commitment and an identity defended through uncontrolled zeal.",
    "The vision of entering the sanctuary safely is affirmed, with shaved or shortened hair marking pilgrimage. The promise is joined to knowledge the hearers do not possess. An outcome delayed is not presented as an outcome denied.",
    "The messenger is sent with guidance and the religion of truth, with Allah sufficient as witness. The verse places the mission within a larger promise. Its theological assurance should be read alongside the chapter’s attention to restraint and inward sincerity.",
    "The closing portrait joins firmness in the confrontation, mercy among companions, worship and seeking divine acceptance. A growing shoot then illustrates strengthening together. This agricultural comparison directs attention toward cultivated character and development, not simply a community’s outward size."
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "start": 1,
      "end": 10,
      "title": "The victory within the pledge",
      "summary": "A clear victory is announced through forgiveness, reassurance and the responsibility of a covenant.",
      "reflection": "What might count as progress before its full result is visible?"
    },
    {
      "start": 11,
      "end": 17,
      "title": "Excuses, sincerity and genuine limits",
      "summary": "Changing motives are exposed, while disability and illness are explicitly distinguished from unwillingness.",
      "reflection": "How can a community ask for commitment while recognising real limitations?"
    },
    {
      "start": 18,
      "end": 26,
      "title": "Beneath the tree, a truce takes shape",
      "summary": "The pledge, restraint of violence and protection of unrecognised believers reveal dimensions of success beyond immediate force.",
      "reflection": "When can restraint protect something that anger cannot see?"
    },
    {
      "start": 27,
      "end": 29,
      "title": "The open sanctuary and the growing shoot",
      "summary": "Secure pilgrimage is promised, and the community is pictured growing through worship, mercy and strength.",
      "reflection": "What does healthy growth require besides becoming larger?"
    }
  ],
  "timeline": [
    {
      "title": "622–632 CE · the Madinan mission",
      "year": 622,
      "endYear": 632,
      "body": "Al-Fath is classified as Madinan. This broad range provides context for the later mission; the chapter’s particular setting is the return from Hudaybiyyah rather than a revelation confined to the city itself.",
      "source": "https://quran.com/al-fath/info"
    },
    {
      "title": "628 CE · the Hudaybiyyah agreement",
      "year": 628,
      "body": "The Bibliotheca Alexandrina historical overview dates the pilgrimage journey and agreement to 628 CE. Bukhari 4834 identifies the opening victory with Hudaybiyyah; Quran.com places the revelation in 6 AH, after the agreement.",
      "source": "https://www.bibalex.org/libraries/presentation/static/Prophet_Muhammad_(PBUH)_eng.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "After the pledge · a tree no longer recognised",
      "year": null,
      "body": "Muslim 1859a reports that a participant could not identify the tree’s place on a later visit the following year. This recollection is retained without claiming a verified surviving tree or assigning a separate exact date.",
      "source": "https://sunnah.com/muslim:1859a"
    },
    {
      "title": "The promised entry · safety at the sanctuary",
      "year": null,
      "body": "Verse 27 assures entry in safety and mentions the pilgrims’ shaved or shortened hair. The verse itself does not give a Gregorian date; the reader separates its promise from a later historical chronology.",
      "source": "https://sacred-texts.com/isl/pick/048.htm"
    }
  ],
  "places": [
    {
      "id": "madinah",
      "name": "Madinah · the community’s home",
      "body": "The chapter is Madinan in classification but linked to the journey back from Hudaybiyyah. The city marker provides the community’s broad home setting, rather than the precise point on the road where revelation occurred.",
      "lat": 24.4672,
      "lon": 39.6111,
      "source": "https://quran.com/al-fath/info",
      "image": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "hudaybiyyah",
      "name": "Hudaybiyyah · the truce and pledge setting",
      "body": "Bukhari 4834 identifies the victory with Hudaybiyyah. An imagined campsite evokes the agreement and pledge; the text does not establish the exact location of a surviving tree or the layout of each tent.",
      "source": "https://sunnah.com/bukhari:4834",
      "image": 2
    },
    {
      "id": "sanctuary",
      "name": "Makkah · the Sacred Mosque",
      "body": "Verses 24–27 name Makkah and the sanctuary from which the travellers had been barred. The map marks the Sacred Mosque’s present location, not a claim that its modern architecture reproduces the seventh-century setting.",
      "lat": 21.4225,
      "lon": 39.8262,
      "source": "https://sacred-texts.com/isl/pick/048.htm",
      "image": 3
    },
    {
      "id": "field",
      "name": "The cultivated field · a comparison of growth",
      "body": "Verse 29 compares the community to a shoot strengthened until it stands firmly. The field is an illustrative comparison, not a named historical farm or an archaeological location.",
      "source": "https://sacred-texts.com/isl/pick/048.htm",
      "image": 3
    }
  ],
  "people": [
    {
      "id": "anas",
      "title": "Anas · a transmitted identification of the victory",
      "body": "Bukhari 4834 preserves Anas’s identification of the opening victory with the Hudaybiyyah agreement. The brief report provides an important context, while the surah itself develops the meaning of that victory through reassurance, pledge and restraint.",
      "url": "https://sunnah.com/bukhari:4834",
      "label": "Read Bukhari 4834"
    },
    {
      "id": "pledgers",
      "title": "The believers beneath the tree",
      "body": "Verse 18 honours their pledge and the state of their hearts. Muslim’s report cautions against treating a modern tree identification as certain: a participant later could not recognise the original place.",
      "url": "https://sunnah.com/muslim:1859a",
      "label": "Read the report about the tree"
    },
    {
      "id": "exempt",
      "title": "Those with genuine limitations · no blame imposed",
      "body": "Verse 17 explicitly names blindness, mobility impairment and illness as grounds for exemption. These people remain within the address of faith and obedience; the text does not equate physical capacity with sincerity.",
      "verse": 17
    },
    {
      "id": "unknown-believers",
      "title": "Unrecognised believing men and women",
      "body": "Verse 25 recalls believers whose presence was unknown to the travellers. Their vulnerability is part of the explanation for restraint. The passage reminds readers that a population cannot safely be reduced to one visible label.",
      "verse": 25
    }
  ],
  "history": [
    {
      "title": "A treaty named as victory",
      "body": "Anas’s narration identifies the victory announced in verse 1 as Hudaybiyyah. This makes the agreement itself central to the chapter’s reading of success, rather than requiring immediate occupation of the sanctuary as the only possible triumph.",
      "source": "https://sunnah.com/bukhari:4834"
    },
    {
      "title": "The calendar setting",
      "body": "The Bibliotheca Alexandrina overview places the journey and agreement in 628 CE. Quran.com associates the revelation with the return journey in 6 AH. These sources support the event year without fixing the date of every verse.",
      "source": "https://www.bibalex.org/libraries/presentation/static/Prophet_Muhammad_(PBUH)_eng.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "The tree and the limits of a modern identification",
      "body": "Muslim 1859a preserves a participant’s recollection that the tree’s location was no longer recognised on the following year’s visit. A present-day image or marker therefore should not be offered as proof of the original tree.",
      "source": "https://sunnah.com/muslim:1859a"
    },
    {
      "title": "Conflict does not erase peaceful relations",
      "body": "The surah speaks within a particular confrontation and repeatedly values restraint. Quran 60:8–9 supplies a related distinction: kindness and justice toward peaceful people are permitted, while hostile expulsion is treated differently. Modern communities are not assigned the roles of this historical conflict.",
      "source": "https://sacred-texts.com/isl/pick/060.htm"
    }
  ],
  "revelationNote": "Madinan, associated with the return from Hudaybiyyah in 6 AH. The agreement is dated to 628 CE in the cited historical overview. The wider 622–632 CE range is contextual, and no exact day is claimed for the chapter’s verses."
}