{
  "number": 60,
  "slug": "mumtahanah",
  "name": "Al-Mumtahanah",
  "arabicName": "الممتحنة",
  "meaning": "The Woman Examined",
  "period": "Madinan",
  "juz": 28,
  "tagline": "CONSCIENCE, KINDNESS & A COVENANT OF TRUST",
  "overview": "The surah addresses loyalty amid persecution and divided family ties. Abraham’s example is followed by hope for reconciliation and explicit kindness toward those who do not fight or expel believers; emigrating women and their pledge then receive careful attention.",
  "sources": [
    {
      "title": "Arabic text · quranjson (MIT)",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/semarketir/quranjson/master/source/surah/surah_60.json"
    },
    {
      "title": "Sahih International · English translation (AlQuran Cloud)",
      "url": "https://alquran.cloud/quran/en.sahih"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=60&verse=1"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=60&verse=11"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=60&verse=12"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=60&verse=8"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=60&verse=9"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=60&verse=10"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=60&verse=3"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=60&verse=4"
    },
    {
      "title": "Word glosses · Quranic Arabic Corpus (GPL-3.0)",
      "url": "https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=60&verse=6"
    },
    {
      "title": "Surah introduction · Quran.com",
      "url": "https://quran.com/al-mumtahanah/info"
    },
    {
      "title": "Hatib’s letter and explanation · Bukhari 3007",
      "url": "https://sunnah.com/bukhari:3007"
    },
    {
      "title": "Asma and her mother · Bukhari 2620",
      "url": "https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2620"
    },
    {
      "title": "The women’s verbal pledge · Bukhari 4891",
      "url": "https://sunnah.com/bukhari:4891"
    },
    {
      "title": "622–632 CE period boundaries · Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
      "url": "https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mahomet"
    },
    {
      "title": "The 622 CE Hijrah · Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
      "url": "https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hejira"
    }
  ],
  "verses": [
    {
      "n": 1,
      "arabic": "يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ لَا تَتَّخِذُوا۟ عَدُوِّى وَعَدُوَّكُمْ أَوْلِيَآءَ تُلْقُونَ إِلَيْهِم بِٱلْمَوَدَّةِ وَقَدْ كَفَرُوا۟ بِمَا جَآءَكُم مِّنَ ٱلْحَقِّ يُخْرِجُونَ ٱلرَّسُولَ وَإِيَّاكُمْ ۙ أَن تُؤْمِنُوا۟ بِٱللَّهِ رَبِّكُمْ إِن كُنتُمْ خَرَجْتُمْ جِهَٰدًۭا فِى سَبِيلِى وَٱبْتِغَآءَ مَرْضَاتِى ۚ تُسِرُّونَ إِلَيْهِم بِٱلْمَوَدَّةِ وَأَنَا۠ أَعْلَمُ بِمَآ أَخْفَيْتُمْ وَمَآ أَعْلَنتُمْ ۚ وَمَن يَفْعَلْهُ مِنكُمْ فَقَدْ ضَلَّ سَوَآءَ ٱلسَّبِيلِ",
      "translation": "O you who have believed, do not take My enemies and your enemies as allies, extending to them affection while they have disbelieved in what came to you of the truth, having driven out the Prophet and yourselves [only] because you believe in Allah, your Lord. If you have come out for jihad in My cause and seeking means to My approval, [take them not as friends]. You confide to them affection, but I am most knowing of what you have concealed and what you have declared. And whoever does it among you has certainly strayed from the soundness of the way."
    },
    {
      "n": 2,
      "arabic": "إِن يَثْقَفُوكُمْ يَكُونُوا۟ لَكُمْ أَعْدَآءًۭ وَيَبْسُطُوٓا۟ إِلَيْكُمْ أَيْدِيَهُمْ وَأَلْسِنَتَهُم بِٱلسُّوٓءِ وَوَدُّوا۟ لَوْ تَكْفُرُونَ",
      "translation": "If they gain dominance over you, they would be to you as enemies and extend against you their hands and their tongues with evil, and they wish you would disbelieve."
    },
    {
      "n": 3,
      "arabic": "لَن تَنفَعَكُمْ أَرْحَامُكُمْ وَلَآ أَوْلَٰدُكُمْ ۚ يَوْمَ ٱلْقِيَٰمَةِ يَفْصِلُ بَيْنَكُمْ ۚ وَٱللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌۭ",
      "translation": "Never will your relatives or your children benefit you; the Day of Resurrection He will judge between you. And Allah, of what you do, is Seeing."
    },
    {
      "n": 4,
      "arabic": "قَدْ كَانَتْ لَكُمْ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌۭ فِىٓ إِبْرَٰهِيمَ وَٱلَّذِينَ مَعَهُۥٓ إِذْ قَالُوا۟ لِقَوْمِهِمْ إِنَّا بُرَءَٰٓؤُا۟ مِنكُمْ وَمِمَّا تَعْبُدُونَ مِن دُونِ ٱللَّهِ كَفَرْنَا بِكُمْ وَبَدَا بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَكُمُ ٱلْعَدَٰوَةُ وَٱلْبَغْضَآءُ أَبَدًا حَتَّىٰ تُؤْمِنُوا۟ بِٱللَّهِ وَحْدَهُۥٓ إِلَّا قَوْلَ إِبْرَٰهِيمَ لِأَبِيهِ لَأَسْتَغْفِرَنَّ لَكَ وَمَآ أَمْلِكُ لَكَ مِنَ ٱللَّهِ مِن شَىْءٍۢ ۖ رَّبَّنَا عَلَيْكَ تَوَكَّلْنَا وَإِلَيْكَ أَنَبْنَا وَإِلَيْكَ ٱلْمَصِيرُ",
      "translation": "There has already been for you an excellent pattern in Abraham and those with him, when they said to their people, \"Indeed, we are disassociated from you and from whatever you worship other than Allah. We have denied you, and there has appeared between us and you animosity and hatred forever until you believe in Allah alone\" except for the saying of Abraham to his father, \"I will surely ask forgiveness for you, but I have not [power to do] for you anything against Allah. Our Lord, upon You we have relied, and to You we have returned, and to You is the destination."
    },
    {
      "n": 5,
      "arabic": "رَبَّنَا لَا تَجْعَلْنَا فِتْنَةًۭ لِّلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ وَٱغْفِرْ لَنَا رَبَّنَآ ۖ إِنَّكَ أَنتَ ٱلْعَزِيزُ ٱلْحَكِيمُ",
      "translation": "Our Lord, make us not [objects of] torment for the disbelievers and forgive us, our Lord. Indeed, it is You who is the Exalted in Might, the Wise.\""
    },
    {
      "n": 6,
      "arabic": "لَقَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ فِيهِمْ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌۭ لِّمَن كَانَ يَرْجُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ وَٱلْيَوْمَ ٱلْءَاخِرَ ۚ وَمَن يَتَوَلَّ فَإِنَّ ٱللَّهَ هُوَ ٱلْغَنِىُّ ٱلْحَمِيدُ",
      "translation": "There has certainly been for you in them an excellent pattern for anyone whose hope is in Allah and the Last Day. And whoever turns away - then indeed, Allah is the Free of need, the Praiseworthy."
    },
    {
      "n": 7,
      "arabic": "۞ عَسَى ٱللَّهُ أَن يَجْعَلَ بَيْنَكُمْ وَبَيْنَ ٱلَّذِينَ عَادَيْتُم مِّنْهُم مَّوَدَّةًۭ ۚ وَٱللَّهُ قَدِيرٌۭ ۚ وَٱللَّهُ غَفُورٌۭ رَّحِيمٌۭ",
      "translation": "Perhaps Allah will put, between you and those to whom you have been enemies among them, affection. And Allah is competent, and Allah is Forgiving and Merciful."
    },
    {
      "n": 8,
      "arabic": "لَّا يَنْهَىٰكُمُ ٱللَّهُ عَنِ ٱلَّذِينَ لَمْ يُقَٰتِلُوكُمْ فِى ٱلدِّينِ وَلَمْ يُخْرِجُوكُم مِّن دِيَٰرِكُمْ أَن تَبَرُّوهُمْ وَتُقْسِطُوٓا۟ إِلَيْهِمْ ۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ يُحِبُّ ٱلْمُقْسِطِينَ",
      "translation": "Allah does not forbid you from those who do not fight you because of religion and do not expel you from your homes - from being righteous toward them and acting justly toward them. Indeed, Allah loves those who act justly."
    },
    {
      "n": 9,
      "arabic": "إِنَّمَا يَنْهَىٰكُمُ ٱللَّهُ عَنِ ٱلَّذِينَ قَٰتَلُوكُمْ فِى ٱلدِّينِ وَأَخْرَجُوكُم مِّن دِيَٰرِكُمْ وَظَٰهَرُوا۟ عَلَىٰٓ إِخْرَاجِكُمْ أَن تَوَلَّوْهُمْ ۚ وَمَن يَتَوَلَّهُمْ فَأُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ هُمُ ٱلظَّٰلِمُونَ",
      "translation": "Allah only forbids you from those who fight you because of religion and expel you from your homes and aid in your expulsion - [forbids] that you make allies of them. And whoever makes allies of them, then it is those who are the wrongdoers."
    },
    {
      "n": 10,
      "arabic": "يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوٓا۟ إِذَا جَآءَكُمُ ٱلْمُؤْمِنَٰتُ مُهَٰجِرَٰتٍۢ فَٱمْتَحِنُوهُنَّ ۖ ٱللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ بِإِيمَٰنِهِنَّ ۖ فَإِنْ عَلِمْتُمُوهُنَّ مُؤْمِنَٰتٍۢ فَلَا تَرْجِعُوهُنَّ إِلَى ٱلْكُفَّارِ ۖ لَا هُنَّ حِلٌّۭ لَّهُمْ وَلَا هُمْ يَحِلُّونَ لَهُنَّ ۖ وَءَاتُوهُم مَّآ أَنفَقُوا۟ ۚ وَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ أَن تَنكِحُوهُنَّ إِذَآ ءَاتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ أُجُورَهُنَّ ۚ وَلَا تُمْسِكُوا۟ بِعِصَمِ ٱلْكَوَافِرِ وَسْـَٔلُوا۟ مَآ أَنفَقْتُمْ وَلْيَسْـَٔلُوا۟ مَآ أَنفَقُوا۟ ۚ ذَٰلِكُمْ حُكْمُ ٱللَّهِ ۖ يَحْكُمُ بَيْنَكُمْ ۚ وَٱللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌۭ",
      "translation": "O you who have believed, when the believing women come to you as emigrants, examine them. Allah is most knowing as to their faith. And if you know them to be believers, then do not return them to the disbelievers; they are not lawful [wives] for them, nor are they lawful [husbands] for them. But give the disbelievers what they have spent. And there is no blame upon you if you marry them when you have given them their due compensation. And hold not to marriage bonds with disbelieving women, but ask for what you have spent and let them ask for what they have spent. That is the judgement of Allah; He judges between you. And Allah is Knowing and Wise."
    },
    {
      "n": 11,
      "arabic": "وَإِن فَاتَكُمْ شَىْءٌۭ مِّنْ أَزْوَٰجِكُمْ إِلَى ٱلْكُفَّارِ فَعَاقَبْتُمْ فَـَٔاتُوا۟ ٱلَّذِينَ ذَهَبَتْ أَزْوَٰجُهُم مِّثْلَ مَآ أَنفَقُوا۟ ۚ وَٱتَّقُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ ٱلَّذِىٓ أَنتُم بِهِۦ مُؤْمِنُونَ",
      "translation": "And if you have lost any of your wives to the disbelievers and you subsequently obtain [something], then give those whose wives have gone the equivalent of what they had spent. And fear Allah, in whom you are believers."
    },
    {
      "n": 12,
      "arabic": "يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلنَّبِىُّ إِذَا جَآءَكَ ٱلْمُؤْمِنَٰتُ يُبَايِعْنَكَ عَلَىٰٓ أَن لَّا يُشْرِكْنَ بِٱللَّهِ شَيْـًۭٔا وَلَا يَسْرِقْنَ وَلَا يَزْنِينَ وَلَا يَقْتُلْنَ أَوْلَٰدَهُنَّ وَلَا يَأْتِينَ بِبُهْتَٰنٍۢ يَفْتَرِينَهُۥ بَيْنَ أَيْدِيهِنَّ وَأَرْجُلِهِنَّ وَلَا يَعْصِينَكَ فِى مَعْرُوفٍۢ ۙ فَبَايِعْهُنَّ وَٱسْتَغْفِرْ لَهُنَّ ٱللَّهَ ۖ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ غَفُورٌۭ رَّحِيمٌۭ",
      "translation": "O Prophet, when the believing women come to you pledging to you that they will not associate anything with Allah, nor will they steal, nor will they commit unlawful sexual intercourse, nor will they kill their children, nor will they bring forth a slander they have invented between their arms and legs, nor will they disobey you in what is right - then accept their pledge and ask forgiveness for them of Allah. Indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful."
    },
    {
      "n": 13,
      "arabic": "يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ لَا تَتَوَلَّوْا۟ قَوْمًا غَضِبَ ٱللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ قَدْ يَئِسُوا۟ مِنَ ٱلْءَاخِرَةِ كَمَا يَئِسَ ٱلْكُفَّارُ مِنْ أَصْحَٰبِ ٱلْقُبُورِ",
      "translation": "O you who have believed, do not make allies of a people with whom Allah has become angry. They have despaired of [reward in] the Hereafter just as the disbelievers have despaired of [meeting] the inhabitants of the graves."
    }
  ],
  "glosses": [
    [
      "O you",
      "who",
      "believe!",
      "(Do) not",
      "take",
      "My enemies",
      "and your enemies",
      "(as) allies",
      "offering",
      "them",
      "love",
      "while",
      "they have disbelieved",
      "in what",
      "came to you",
      "of",
      "the truth,",
      "driving out",
      "the Messenger",
      "and yourselves",
      "because",
      "you believe",
      "in Allah,",
      "your Lord.",
      "If",
      "you",
      "come forth",
      "(to) strive",
      "in",
      "My way",
      "and (to) seek",
      "My Pleasure.",
      "You confide",
      "to them",
      "love,",
      "but I Am",
      "most knowing",
      "of what",
      "you conceal",
      "and what",
      "you declare.",
      "And whoever",
      "does it",
      "among you",
      "then certainly",
      "he has strayed",
      "(from the) straight",
      "path."
    ],
    [
      "If",
      "they gain dominance over you,",
      "they would be",
      "to you",
      "enemies",
      "and extend",
      "against you",
      "their hands",
      "and their tongues",
      "with evil,",
      "and they desire",
      "that",
      "you would disbelieve."
    ],
    [
      "Never",
      "will benefit you",
      "your relatives",
      "and not",
      "your children",
      "(on the) Day",
      "(of) the Resurrection.",
      "He will judge",
      "between you.",
      "And Allah",
      "of what",
      "you do",
      "(is) All-Seer."
    ],
    [
      "Indeed,",
      "(there) is",
      "for you",
      "an example",
      "good",
      "in",
      "Ibrahim",
      "and those",
      "with him,",
      "when",
      "they said",
      "to their people,",
      "\"Indeed, we",
      "(are) disassociated",
      "from you",
      "and from what",
      "you worship",
      "from",
      "besides",
      "Allah.",
      "We have denied",
      "you,",
      "and has appeared",
      "between us",
      "and between you",
      "enmity",
      "and hatred",
      "forever",
      "until",
      "you believe",
      "in Allah",
      "Alone.\"",
      "Except",
      "(the) saying",
      "(of) Ibrahim",
      "to his father,",
      "\"Surely I ask forgiveness",
      "for you,",
      "but not",
      "I have power",
      "for you",
      "from",
      "Allah",
      "of",
      "anything.",
      "Our Lord,",
      "upon You",
      "we put our trust,",
      "and to You",
      "we turn,",
      "and to You",
      "(is) the final return."
    ],
    [
      "Our Lord,",
      "(do) not",
      "make us",
      "a trial",
      "for those who",
      "disbelieve,",
      "and forgive",
      "us,",
      "our Lord.",
      "Indeed You",
      "[You]",
      "(are) the All-Mighty,",
      "the All-Wise.\""
    ],
    [
      "Certainly,",
      "(there) is",
      "for you",
      "in them",
      "an example",
      "good",
      "for (he) who",
      "is",
      "hopeful",
      "(in) Allah",
      "and the Day",
      "the Last.",
      "And whoever",
      "turns away,",
      "then indeed,",
      "Allah,",
      "He,",
      "(is) Free of need,",
      "the Praiseworthy."
    ],
    [
      "Perhaps",
      "Allah",
      "[that]",
      "will put",
      "between you",
      "and between",
      "those (to) whom",
      "you have been enemies,",
      "among them",
      "love.",
      "And Allah",
      "(is) All-Powerful.",
      "And Allah",
      "(is) Oft-Forgiving,",
      "Most Merciful."
    ],
    [
      "Not",
      "(does) forbid you",
      "Allah",
      "from",
      "those who",
      "(do) not",
      "fight you",
      "in",
      "the religion",
      "and (do) not",
      "drive you out",
      "of",
      "your homes",
      "that",
      "you deal kindly",
      "and deal justly",
      "with them.",
      "Indeed,",
      "Allah",
      "loves",
      "those who act justly."
    ],
    [
      "Only",
      "forbids you",
      "Allah",
      "from",
      "those who",
      "fight you",
      "in",
      "the religion",
      "and drive you out",
      "of",
      "your homes",
      "and support",
      "in",
      "your expulsion,",
      "that",
      "you make them allies.",
      "And whoever",
      "makes them allies,",
      "then those",
      "[they]",
      "(are) the wrongdoers."
    ],
    [
      "O you",
      "who",
      "believe!",
      "When",
      "come to you",
      "the believing women",
      "(as) emigrants,",
      "then examine them.",
      "Allah",
      "(is) most knowing",
      "of their faith.",
      "And if",
      "you know them",
      "(to be) believers,",
      "then (do) not",
      "return them",
      "to",
      "the disbelievers.",
      "Not",
      "they",
      "(are) lawful",
      "for them",
      "and not",
      "they",
      "are lawful",
      "for them.",
      "But give them",
      "what",
      "they have spent.",
      "And not",
      "any blame",
      "upon you",
      "if",
      "you marry them",
      "when",
      "you have given them",
      "their (bridal) dues.",
      "And (do) not",
      "hold",
      "to marriage bonds",
      "(with) disbelieving women,",
      "but ask (for)",
      "what",
      "you have spent,",
      "and let them ask",
      "what",
      "they have spent.",
      "That",
      "(is the) Judgment",
      "(of) Allah.",
      "He judges",
      "between you.",
      "And Allah",
      "(is) All-Knowing,",
      "All-Wise."
    ],
    [
      "And if",
      "have gone from you",
      "any",
      "of",
      "your wives",
      "to",
      "the disbelievers",
      "then your turn comes,",
      "then give",
      "(to) those who",
      "have gone,",
      "their wives,",
      "(the) like",
      "(of) what",
      "they had spent.",
      "And fear",
      "Allah",
      "(in) Whom,",
      "you,",
      "[in Him]",
      "(are) believers."
    ],
    [
      "O",
      "Prophet!",
      "When",
      "come to you",
      "the believing women",
      "pledging to you",
      "[on]",
      "that",
      "not",
      "they will associate",
      "with Allah",
      "anything,",
      "and not",
      "they will steal,",
      "and not",
      "they will commit adultery,",
      "and not",
      "they will kill",
      "their children,",
      "and not",
      "they bring",
      "slander,",
      "they invent it",
      "between",
      "their hands",
      "and their feet,",
      "and not",
      "they will disobey you",
      "in",
      "(the) right,",
      "then accept their pledge",
      "and ask forgiveness",
      "for them",
      "(from) Allah.",
      "Indeed,",
      "Allah",
      "(is) Oft-Forgiving,",
      "Most Merciful."
    ],
    [
      "O you",
      "who",
      "believe!",
      "(Do) not",
      "make allies",
      "(of) a people,",
      "(The) wrath",
      "(of) Allah",
      "(is) upon them.",
      "Indeed,",
      "they despair",
      "of",
      "the Hereafter",
      "as",
      "despair",
      "the disbelievers",
      "of",
      "(the) companions",
      "(of) the graves."
    ]
  ],
  "titles": [
    "Loyalty amid expulsion and concealed contact",
    "The intentions of hostile opponents",
    "Family ties do not replace accountability",
    "Abraham’s example and its stated exception",
    "A prayer for protection and forgiveness",
    "A pattern of trust and return",
    "Love may follow enmity",
    "Kindness and justice toward peaceful people",
    "The boundary concerns fighting and expulsion",
    "Believing women arriving as emigrants",
    "Reciprocity when marriage ties are broken",
    "The women’s pledge is received",
    "A closing warning about allegiance"
  ],
  "notes": [
    "The opening concerns opponents who rejected the message and expelled the messenger and believers. Secretly favoring those enemies is challenged. Read with verses 8–9, the warning is distinguished from ordinary kindness toward people who are not participating in persecution.",
    "The described opponents would use power, speech, and action against the believers and wish them to abandon faith. The pronouns continue the preceding hostile setting. The verse does not characterize every person outside the believing community.",
    "Family and children cannot replace personal accountability at resurrection. The statement addresses the pressure those ties can exert on decisions. It does not cancel the kindness to relatives and others that the surah will explicitly allow.",
    "Abraham and those with him reject their people’s worship while trusting Allah. The verse expressly excepts his promise to seek forgiveness for his father from the example being offered. This qualification belongs to the reading, not only to later commentary.",
    "The prayer asks not to become a trial or prey for opponents and seeks forgiveness. Dependence and humility accompany the preceding firmness. The speakers do not present themselves as beyond error or independent of their Lord’s mercy.",
    "The example is addressed to those whose hope is in Allah and the Last Day. Turning away cannot diminish divine sufficiency. The verse centers the direction of the believer’s trust rather than the approval of a surrounding group.",
    "Enmity is not treated as incapable of change. Love may be established between people who are now opposed, and forgiveness and mercy close the verse. This possibility shapes how the surrounding boundaries should be understood.",
    "Kindness and just dealing are explicitly allowed toward people who neither fight believers over religion nor expel them. Justice is affirmed as beloved to Allah. The verse is essential context for the surah’s warnings about alliances.",
    "The prohibited relationship is described through fighting, expulsion, and assistance in expulsion. These actions distinguish the hostile situation from the peaceful relationships of verse 8. The pair should remain together when considering the passage’s scope.",
    "Believing emigrant women are to be assessed, while their inward faith remains best known to Allah. The verse forbids returning those recognized as believers, addresses the resulting marriage separation, and specifies reciprocal repayment and new marital dues within that historical setting.",
    "The next verse addresses compensation when wives have departed and reciprocal recovery has failed in the circumstances described. Material claims are not simply forgotten amid changed loyalties. The closing call to responsibility governs this difficult communal situation.",
    "The women’s pledge names worship, theft, adultery, children’s lives, falsehood, and obedience in what is right. Acceptance is joined with a prayer for forgiveness. Aisha’s report in Bukhari 4891 describes a verbal pledge, without a handshake.",
    "The closing warning returns to allegiance and despair about the hereafter. It should be read alongside the chapter’s explicit distinction between persecution and peaceful relations. The verse does not supply a list of present-day people whose ultimate standing a reader can determine."
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "start": 1,
      "end": 3,
      "title": "A concealed message and the claims of family",
      "summary": "Loyalty is tested by hostile expulsion, secret contact, and the desire to protect family, while personal accountability remains.",
      "reflection": "How can you care for loved ones without betraying a trust held for others?"
    },
    {
      "start": 4,
      "end": 9,
      "title": "Firm conscience, possible reconciliation, and kindness",
      "summary": "Abraham’s example leads to prayer and hope, then a clear distinction between peaceful people and those who fight or expel the community.",
      "reflection": "How can a firm conviction coexist with fairness and kindness toward someone who believes differently?"
    },
    {
      "start": 10,
      "end": 13,
      "title": "Women arriving, obligations settled, and a pledge accepted",
      "summary": "Believing emigrant women are received through assessment and a covenant, with attention to marriage ties, financial claims, and forgiveness.",
      "reflection": "What does a trustworthy community owe people whose commitments have changed their circumstances?"
    }
  ],
  "timeline": [
    {
      "title": "Abraham’s example · earlier and undated",
      "year": null,
      "body": "Verses 4–6 recall Abraham and those with him. The passage supplies an example of conscience and trust, not an absolute calendar date or a mapped encounter.",
      "source": "https://sacred-texts.com/isl/pick/060.htm"
    },
    {
      "title": "622–632 CE · Madinan period boundaries",
      "year": 622,
      "endYear": 632,
      "body": "Al-Mumtahanah is classified as Madinan. These years mark the Hijrah and the end of the Prophet’s lifetime, not the exact dates of every episode or verse in the chapter.",
      "source": "https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mahomet"
    },
    {
      "title": "Hatib’s letter · an attributed historical setting",
      "year": null,
      "body": "Bukhari 3007 recounts a letter sent toward Makkah, its recovery, and Hatib’s explanation that he sought protection for his dependents. This report does not specify a calendar date.",
      "source": "https://sunnah.com/bukhari:3007"
    },
    {
      "title": "Women’s migration and pledge · report undated",
      "year": null,
      "body": "Aisha’s report in Bukhari 4891 connects the examination of believing emigrant women with the conditions of verse 12 and their verbal acceptance.",
      "source": "https://sunnah.com/bukhari:4891"
    }
  ],
  "places": [
    {
      "id": "madinah",
      "name": "Madinah · the receiving community",
      "body": "The Madinan classification frames the chapter’s responsibilities toward believers arriving from elsewhere. The pictured courtyard is an illustrative receiving space, not an identified historical house.",
      "lat": 24.4672,
      "lon": 39.6111,
      "source": "https://quran.com/al-mumtahanah/info",
      "image": 2
    },
    {
      "id": "makkah",
      "name": "Makkah · family ties across a conflict",
      "body": "In Bukhari 3007, Hatib explains concern for dependents in Makkah. The city supplies broad historical context; the pictured road is not the verified route of his letter.",
      "lat": 21.4225,
      "lon": 39.8262,
      "source": "https://sunnah.com/bukhari:3007",
      "image": 0
    },
    {
      "id": "rawdat-khakh",
      "name": "Rawdat Khakh · the reported recovery place",
      "body": "The report names this place where the letter was recovered. No exact modern coordinates or surviving structure are asserted, and the scene is a broad landscape evocation.",
      "source": "https://sunnah.com/bukhari:3007",
      "image": 0
    }
  ],
  "people": [
    {
      "id": "hatib",
      "title": "Hatib ibn Abi Balta‘ah · concern for dependents",
      "body": "Bukhari 3007 records his letter, his explanation about protecting family, and the Prophet’s acceptance of that explanation as truthful. The incident preserves both a serious breach and attention to motive.",
      "url": "https://sunnah.com/bukhari:3007",
      "label": "Read the primary report"
    },
    {
      "id": "abraham",
      "title": "Abraham · Ibrahim",
      "body": "His example concerns worship, conscience, and trust, with an explicit exception concerning the promise to his father. The surah gives no exact ancient date or location, and he is not depicted.",
      "verse": 4
    },
    {
      "id": "asma",
      "title": "Asma bint Abi Bakr and her mother",
      "body": "Bukhari 2620 records Asma asking about maintaining ties with her mother, who did not share her faith, and receiving an affirmative answer. The report gives a concrete example of familial kindness.",
      "url": "https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2620",
      "label": "Read the report on family kindness"
    },
    {
      "id": "believing-women",
      "title": "Believing emigrant women",
      "body": "The chapter addresses them as people whose faith, changed circumstances, and commitments matter. Verse 12 specifies their pledge and directs that it be accepted with a prayer for forgiveness.",
      "verse": 12
    },
    {
      "id": "aisha",
      "title": "Aisha · narrator of the pledge’s form",
      "body": "Her report in Bukhari 4891 explains that women accepting the stated conditions received verbal acceptance from the Prophet. She specifically distinguishes that pledge from a handshake.",
      "url": "https://sunnah.com/bukhari:4891",
      "label": "Read the account of the verbal pledge"
    }
  ],
  "history": [
    {
      "title": "A chapter with several connected situations",
      "body": "The Madinan introduction associates the opening with Hatib and the later verses with emigrating women. This reader does not compress those situations into one unqualified revelation date.",
      "source": "https://quran.com/al-mumtahanah/info"
    },
    {
      "title": "A letter, an explanation, and a measured response",
      "body": "Bukhari 3007 describes recovering Hatib’s message and hearing his explanation. The Prophet accepts the truth of his stated motive. The account adds nuance to the opening’s concern with loyalty and concealed communication.",
      "source": "https://sunnah.com/bukhari:3007"
    },
    {
      "title": "Difference of faith and family kindness",
      "body": "In Bukhari 2620, Asma is told to maintain good relations with her mother despite their different beliefs. Read beside verses 8–9, the report helps distinguish peaceful relationships from hostile persecution.",
      "source": "https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2620"
    },
    {
      "title": "The examination and the women’s covenant",
      "body": "Bukhari 4891 describes assessment through the conditions stated in verse 12 and a pledge accepted in words. It supplies evidence for the form of the covenant without suggesting a physical examination.",
      "source": "https://sunnah.com/bukhari:4891"
    },
    {
      "title": "Financial obligations within the historical setting",
      "body": "Verses 10–11 address marriage separation and reciprocal material claims arising from movement between communities. The notes describe that textual setting while retaining the full translation, including its conditions and limits.",
      "source": "https://sacred-texts.com/isl/pick/060.htm"
    }
  ],
  "revelationNote": "Madinan. The 622–632 CE range gives broad period boundaries, not a single revelation date. Hatib’s letter, Asma’s family question, and the women’s verbal pledge are individually attributed to primary reports. Verses 8–9 distinguish peaceful relationships from persecution; no prophet is depicted."
}